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  • ืืœื•ืŸ ื”ืจืืœ

ื”ืฆืขื” ืฆื ื•ืขื” ืœืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื”

ื‘ืจื•ื— ื”ืฆืขืชื• ื”ืฆื ื•ืขื” ืฉืœ Jonathan Swift, A Modest Proposal for Preventing the Poor People in Ireland from Being a Burden to their Parents or Country, and for Making them Beneficial to the Public (1729). ืจืื• ืชืจื’ื•ื ืœืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืฉืœ ืžืกื” ื–ื•.

ืงืฉื” ื”ื™ื•ื ืœื”ืชืขื•ืจืจ ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ืฉื ืช 2011 ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœืงืจื•ื ืขืœ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื—ื“ืฉื” ืคืจื™ ืžื“ืจืฉื ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ืชื ื•ืขืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื™ืชื ื•, ืชื ื•ืขืช ืื ืชืจืฆื•, ืื• ืชื ื•ืขื•ืช ื—ืจื“ื™ื•ืช ืœืื•ืžื ื™ื•ืช ืงื™ืฆื•ื ื™ื•ืช. ื”ืžืชื›ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื–ื• ื™ื“ื•ืข ื›ื‘ืจ ืžืจืืฉ. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžื–ื”ื™ื ืื™ื–ื• ืกื›ื ื” ืื™ื•ืžื” ืœืฉืœื•ืžื” ืฉืœ ื”ืื•ืžื”. ืกื›ื ื” ื–ื• ืขืœื•ืœื” ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืื™ื–ื• ื‘ื—ื•ืจื” ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ื” ื”ื—ืคืฆื” ืœืฉื•ื—ื— ืื• ืœืงืฉื•ืจ ืงืฉืจ ื—ื‘ืจื•ืช ืื• ืงืฉืจ ืื™ื ื˜ื™ืžื™ ืขื ืžื•ืกืœืžื™, ืื• ืื™ื–ื” ืืจื’ื•ืŸ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื”ื‘ื•ื—ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ืŸ ืงืคื“ื ื™ืช ืžื™ื“ื™ ืืช ื”ืชื ื”ืœื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฆื”"ืœ ื‘ืฉื˜ื—ื™ื, ืื• ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืฉืžืฉืคื—ืชื• ื’ื•ืจืฉื” ื‘ 1948 ื•ืืฉืจ ื—ืคืฅ ืœื–ื›ื•ืจ ื•ืœืื–ื›ืจ ืืช ื”ืื™ืจื•ืขื™ื ืฉื”ื‘ื™ืื• ืœื˜ืจื’ื“ื™ื” ืฉืœ ืžืฉืคื—ืชื•, ืื• ืื•ืœื™ ื”ืกื›ื ื” ื”ื™ื ื‘ื“ืžื•ืชืŸ ืฉืœ ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื›ืžื• ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืœื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืืฉืจ ืžืื™ื™ืžื™ื ืœื”ืฉืœื™ื˜ ื“ื™ืงื˜ื˜ื•ืจื” ืฉืžืืœื ื™ืช ืขืœ ื”ืงื•ืจื‘ื ื•ืช ื”ืจื›ื™ื ืฉื‘ืื™ื ืœื”ืฉื›ื™ืœ. ืฉื ื™ืช, ื”ืื™ื•ื ืžื’ื•ื‘ื” ื‘ืฉื•ืจื” ืืจื•ื›ื” ืฉืœ ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืžื—ื™ืฉื•ืช ืืช ื”ืื™ื•ื. ื›ืš, ืœืžืฉืœ, ืžื•ื‘ืืช ืื™ื–ื• ื”ืฆื”ืจื” ืคืจื•ื‘ื•ืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ื™ื•ืชืจ ืื• ืคื—ื•ืช ืžืฆื™ื“ื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ ืคืœืกื˜ื™ื ื™ ืื• ืื™ื–ื” ืขื“ื•ืช ืขืœ ืžืจืฆื” ืฉื ืชืคืฉ ื‘ืคืœื™ื˜ืช ืคื” ืžื‘ื™ื›ื” (ื›ืžื• ื–ื” ื”ื—ืชื•ื ืžื˜ื”). ื›ื“ื™ ืœื—ื–ืง ืืช ื”ืจื•ืฉื ืฉืœ ืื ืงื“ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืืœื” ืžื›ื ืกื™ื ืžื™ื™ื“ ื•ื•ืขื“ืช ื›ื ืกืช ื”ืžืื–ื™ื ื” ื‘ืงืฉื‘ ืœ"ืขื“ื•ื™ื•ืช ืžืŸ ื”ืฉื˜ื—". ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื”ืžืฉื›ื™ืœื™ื, ื”ื“ื•ืงื˜ื•ืจื™ื ื•ื”ืžืชื•ื—ื›ืžื™ื ื™ื•ืชืจ ืžื‘ื™ืŸ ื”ืžืฉืชืชืคื™ื ื‘ืžื—ื•ืœ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืขืœื™ื– ื”ื–ื” ืื•ืกืคื™ื "ืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช", ื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ื "ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช" ื•ืžืขื ื™ืงื™ื ื’ื™ื‘ื•ื™ "ืžื“ืขื™" ืœืกื›ื ื” ื”ืื™ื•ืžื” ื”ืžืจื—ืคืช ืขืœ ื”ื—ื‘ืจื” ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช. ื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื”ืชื—ื•ืฉื•ืช ืื• ื”ืคื—ื“ื™ื ื”ื•ืคื›ื™ื ืœืขื•ื‘ื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื’ื•ื‘ื•ืช ื‘"ืžื—ืงืจื™ื". ื”ืฉืœื‘ ื”ืจื‘ื™ืขื™ ื•ื”ืื—ืจื•ืŸ ื”ื•ื ื›ืžื•ื‘ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื•ื”ื”ื—ืœื˜ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ืŸ ืฉืžืจื‘ื™ืชืŸ ืžื™ื•ืขื“ื•ืช ืœืžืฉื•ืš ืชืฉื•ืžืช ืœื‘ ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจื™ืช ื•ืจืง ื—ืœืงืŸ ื”ืงื˜ืŸ ื”ื’ื™ืขื• ืœืฉืœื‘ ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื”.

ื’ื ื”ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ืœื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ื”ืงื•ืœืงื˜ื™ื‘ื™ืช ืžื•ื›ืจืช ื•ื™ื“ื•ืขื” ืžืจืืฉ. ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื•ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื”ืฉืžืืœ ืžื•ื—ื™ื ื ืžืจืฆื•ืช; ืงื•ืžืฅ ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื ืฉืขื•ื“ ื–ื•ื›ืจื™ื ืžืขื˜ ืืช ืžืฉื ืชื• ืฉืœ ื–'ื‘ื•ื˜ื™ื ืกืงื™ ื•ื”ืจืฆืœ (ื”ื›ื•ืœืœื™ื ื‘ื“ืจืš ื›ืœืœ ืืช ื“ืŸ ืžืจื™ื“ื•ืจ, ื‘ื ื™ ื‘ื’ื™ืŸ ื•ืจื•ื‘ื™ ืจื™ื‘ืœื™ืŸ) ืžื—ื›ื›ื™ื ืืช ื’ืจื•ื ื ื‘ื—ื•ืกืจ ื ื—ืช ื•ืžืฉืžื™ืขื™ื ืงื•ืœื•ืช ืžืขื•ืžืขืžื™ื ืฉืœ ืžื—ืื”. ื”"ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช" ื•ื”"ืžื—ืงืจื™ื" ืฉืœ ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ืื ืชืจืฆื• ื•ื”ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื ืœืฆื™ื•ื ื•ืช ืœืžื™ื ื™ื”ื ืžืชื‘ืจืจื™ื ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ื›ื ื˜ื•ืœื™ ื›ืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ืžื“ืขื™ ืื• ืจืœื‘ื ื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืฃ ืฉื‘ืชืงืฉื•ืจืช ื”ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื›ื•ื ื™ื "ื“ื•ื—ื•ืช" ืื• "ืžื—ืงืจื™ื." ื™ื•ื–ืžื™ ื ืฉืฃ ื”ื”ื™ืกื˜ืจื™ื” ืžื•ื—ื™ื ื ื’ื“ ื”ืžื—ืื” ื•ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื” ืขื•ื‘ืจืช.

ื•ืื•ืœื ืื•ืคื•ื–ื™ืฆื™ื” ื–ื• ื”ื™ื ืฉื•ืœื™ืช. ืกื›ื ื” ืžืกื•ื™ืžืช ืœื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื‘ืื” ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžื›ื™ื•ื•ื ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื ื™ื ืฉื”ืจื™ ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื–ื• ืฉื‘ืจื•ื‘ื” ื”ืžื›ืจื™ืข ื˜ืจื ื”ื•ืขื‘ืจื” ื‘ื›ื ืกืช ืžืื™ื™ื ืช ืืช ื”ื”ื™ืฉื’ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 90. ื•ืื›ืŸ ืื™ืŸ ื–ื” ืžืคืชื™ืข ื›ื™ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื•ื”ืืœื™ื˜ื•ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื•ืช ืืฉืจ ื”ืคื ื™ืžื• ืืช ื—ื’ื™ื’ืช ื”ื—ื™ืจื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 90 ืžื’ืœื™ื ื”ืชื ื’ื“ื•ืช (ืžื”ื•ืกืกืช ืื•ืžื ื) ืœืžื‘ื•ืœ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื”ื—ื•ืง ื”ืœืœื•. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœืคื™ื›ืš ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ื›ื™ ืžืขื˜ ื”ืฉื™ื™ืจื™ื ื”ืื ื›ืจื•ื ื™ืกื˜ื™ื™ื ื”ืžื’ื•ืžื’ืžื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช ื”ืœื™ื‘ืจืœื™ืช ืฉืœ ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 90 ื™ืžื—ืงื• ื‘ืžื”ื™ืจื•ืช ืžืกืคืจ ื”ื—ื•ืงื™ื ืฉืœื ื•.

ื‘ืจืฉื™ืžื” ื–ื• ืื ื™ ื—ืคืฅ ืœื”ืฆื™ืข ื”ืฆืขื” ืฆื ื•ืขื” ืืฉืจ ืชืงืฉื” ืขืœ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื ื™ื ื”ืคื•ืจืžืœื™ืกื˜ื™ื ื”ื ื˜ื•ืขื™ื ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืฉื ื•ืช ื”- 90 ืœืกื›ืœ ื”ืฆืขื•ืช ื—ื•ืง ื—ืฉื•ื‘ื•ืช ืืœื”. ืœืžื” ืœื”ืกืชืคืง ื‘ื˜ื™ืคื•ืœ ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื ืงื•ื“ืชื™ื•ืช? ืขืœ ืžื ืช ืœื”ื‘ื˜ื™ื— ืืช ื”ืฆืœื—ืช ื”ืฉื™ื ื•ื™ื™ื ื”ื—ืงื™ืงืชื™ื™ื ื”ืœืœื• ืจืื•ื™ ืœืืžืฆื ื›ื—ืœืง ืžื”ืกื“ืจ ื—ื•ืงืชื™ ื—ื“ืฉ. ื‘ืžื™ืœื™ื ืื—ืจื•ืช ื™ืฉ ืœืขื’ืŸ ืืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” ื›ื—ืงื™ืงืช ื™ืกื•ื“. ื›ืš ื‘ืฆื“ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื›ื‘ื•ื“ ื”ืื“ื ื•ื—ื™ืจื•ืชื• (1992) ื ื—ื•ืงืง ื‘ื’ืื•ื•ื” ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ื’ื–ืข ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ (2011); ื‘ืฆื“ ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื—ื•ืคืฉ ื”ืขื™ืกื•ืง (1992) ื ื—ื•ืงืง ืืช ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื”ื”ืคืจื“ื” ื”ื’ื–ืขื™ืช ื‘ืžื’ื•ืจื™ื (2011); ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื”ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ื”ืขืจื›ื™ื ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื: ืคื™ืงื•ื— ืขืœ ื”ื‘ื™ื˜ื•ื™; ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“: ื”ืกื“ืจืช ืคืขื™ืœื•ืช ืืจื’ื•ื ื™ ื–ื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ืื“ื ื•ื‘ื•ื’ื“ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื; ื—ื•ืง ื™ืกื•ื“ ื”ื”ืฉื›ืœื” ื”ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื”: ื”ื’ื ื” ืขืœ ืขืจื›ื™ ื™ืกื•ื“ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ื™ื ื•ืขื•ื“ ื”ื™ื“ ื ื˜ื•ื™ื”. ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืžืงื•ื ื›ืœ ื”ื˜ืจื—ื” ื”ื—ืงื™ืงืชื™ืช ื”ื ื•ืงื“ื ื™ืช ื”ื–ื• ืคืฉื•ื˜ ื ื›ืจื™ื– ื‘ืžืกื’ืจืช ื”ืžื”ืคื›ื” ื”ื—ื•ืงืชื™ืช ื”ืฉื ื™ื™ื” ืขืœ ื”ืจืคื•ื‘ืœื™ืงื” ื”ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ืช ื”ื—ื“ืฉื” (ื•ื‘ืงื™ืฆื•ืจ ืจืฆ"ื—) ื‘ื” ื™ื•ืขื‘ืจื• ื›ืœ ืกืžื›ื•ื™ื•ืช ื”ื—ืงื™ืงื” ื”ืฉื™ืคื•ื˜ ื•ื”ื‘ื™ืฆื•ืข ืœืงื”ื™ืœื•ืช ื ืืžื ื™ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ. ื”ืจื™ ืื ื—ื ื• ื›ื•ืœื ื• ื›ื‘ืจ ื™ื•ื“ืขื™ื ืžื™ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™ ื•ืžื™ื”ื• ืื ื˜ื™ ืฆื™ื•ื ื™; ืžื™ ื ืืžืŸ ืœืจื•ื— ื”ืื•ืžื” ื•ืžื™ื”ื• ื”ื‘ื•ื’ื“; ืœืžื” ืœื”ื˜ืจื™ื— ืืช ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื‘ื–ื•ื˜ื•ืช ืžืขื™ืŸ ืืœื”?

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