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  • ืื•ืจื™ ื”ืจืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ

ืขืœ ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื•ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืืœื›ืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ

ืื™ื ื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ืืœื›ืก ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืžืขื•ืœื ืœื ื ืคื’ืฉื ื•. ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉื”ื•ื ืžื•ืขืžื“ื” ืฉืœ ืฉืจืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืฉืงื“ ื”ื™ื ื˜ืขื ื—ื–ืง ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ ืœื—ืฉื•ืฉ ืžืžื™ื ื•ื™ื• ืœื‘ื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ. ื•ืขื“ื™ื™ืŸ. ื“ื‘ืจ ืื—ื“ ืžืงื•ืžื ืื•ืชื™ ื‘ืกื™ืงื•ืจ ื”ืขื™ืชื•ื ืื™ ืืช ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื•. ื ื“ืžื” ืฉื‘ืฉืœื‘ ื–ื” ื›ืœ ื›ืชื‘ื” ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืณื”ืืจืฅืณ (ื•ืืฃ ื‘ืคืจืกื•ืžื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื) ื‘ืขื ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื•ืขืžื“ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื˜ื•ืจื—ืช ืœืฆื™ื™ืŸ ืืช ืดื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ืด ืฉืœ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”ืดื‘ ื‘ื”ื ื”ื™ื” ืื• ื”ื™ื ื• ื—ื‘ืจ ืกื’ืœ ืœืื—ืจ ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื• ืืช ืžืฉืจืชื• ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช ืœืคื ื™ ื›-15 ืฉื ื™ื. ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื™ืžื“ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืงืจื“ื•ื–ื• ืฉืœ ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” (ื”ื™ื”ื•ื“ื™ืช) ืฉื‘ื ื™ื• ื™ื•ืจืง ื•ืœืื—ืจ ืžื›ืŸ ื‘ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ (ืžื“ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื ื›ื•ืŸ ืœื”ื™ื•ื 65 ื•- 88 ื‘ื”ืชืืžื”). ื“ื™ ื‘ืจื•ืจ ืฉื”ืžื˜ืจื” ืฉืœ ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื ืืœื• ื”ื™ื ืœื”ืคื—ื™ืช ืžืžืขืžื“ื• ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื‘ืขื™ื ื™ื™ ื”ืฆื™ื‘ื•ืจ. ื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืœื”ื‘ื”ื™ืจ ืฉืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ืงืฉืงื•ืฉ ื’ืžื•ืจ.


ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืžื”ื• ืื•ืชื• ื“ื™ืจื•ื’? ืžื“ื•ื‘ืจ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ืฉื ืชื™ ืฉืœ ื”- US News and World Report, ืฉื”ื•ื ืื•ืžื ื ื”ืžืฉืคื™ืข ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืืจื”ืดื‘ ืื•ืœื ืžืกื•ื›ืŸ ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื ื• ืขืœ ื”ืื™ื›ื•ืช ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืžื“ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื•ื—ื‘ืจื™ื”ื. ืจืืฉื™ืช, ืจืง 40% ืžื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ืœืื™ื›ื•ืช ืืงื“ืžื™ืช. 60% ืžื”ืฆื™ื•ืŸ ืงืฉื•ืจื™ื ื‘ื’ื•ืจืžื™ื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ื‘ืขืœื™ืœ ื›ืžื• ื ืชื•ื ื™ ืงื‘ืœื”, ืคืจืžื˜ืจื™ื ืฉื•ื ื™ื ื”ืžืขื™ื“ื™ื ืขืœ ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ื”ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“, ืžืฉืื‘ื™ ืกืคืจื™ื™ื”, ื•ืื—ื•ื–ื™ ืžืขื‘ืจ ื‘ื—ื™ื ื•ืช ืœืฉื›ื”. ืื™ืŸ ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ืฉืื ื™ ืžื›ื™ืจ ืฉื™ืฉ ืขืœื™ื• ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ื™ืงื•ืจืช ื•ืกืœื™ื“ื” ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ืืงื“ืžื™ื™ื ืžืืฉืจ ื”ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื”ื–ื”. ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ืฉืžื‘ืงืฉื™ื ืœืœืžื•ื“ ืžืžื ื• ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืช ืžื—ืงืจื™ืช.


ืฉื ื™ืช, ื ื“ืžื” ื’ื ืฉื›ื•ืชื‘ื™ ื”ืžืืžืจื™ื ื‘ืขื™ืชื•ื ื•ืช ื”ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ืช ืขืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืžื ืกื™ื ืœืจืžื– ืฉื‘ื›ืš ืฉืขื‘ืจ ืžืงืจื“ื•ื–ื• (ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ 65) ืœื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ (ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ 88) ื”ื•ื ื‘ืขืฆื ื”ืชื“ืจื“ืจ ืื™ื›ืฉื”ื• ืื• ืฉื™ืฉ ื‘ื›ืš ืœืขืœื•ืช ืกื™ืžืŸ ืฉืืœื” ืกื‘ื™ื‘ ืขื–ื™ื‘ืชื• ืืช ืงืจื“ื•ื–ื•. ืื—ืจื™ ื”ื›ืœ, ืžื“ื•ืข ื™ืขื–ื•ื‘ ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ืœืžื•ืกื“ ืžื“ื•ืจื’ ื ืžื•ืš ื™ื•ืชืจ ื‘ืื•ืชื” ื”ืขื™ืจ? ืื•ืœื ื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉื ืžืฆื ื‘ืžืขื’ืœื™ื ื”ืคื ื™ืžื™ื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช ื™ื•ื“ืข ืฉืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืช ื™ืฉื™ื‘ื” ืžืฆื•ื™ื” ื‘ื‘ืขื™ื•ืช ื›ืœื›ืœื™ื•ืช ืงืฉื•ืช, ื›ื•ืœืœ ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ืงืจื“ื•ื–ื•, ืขื“ ื›ื“ื™ ืฉืžื•ืขื•ืช ืขืœ ื—ืฉืฉ ืœืกื’ื™ืจืช ื‘ื™ืช ื”ืกืคืจ (ืžื” ืฉืžืกื‘ื™ืจ ื“ืจืš ืื’ื‘ ืืช ื”ื™ืจื™ื“ื” ืฉืœ ืงืจื“ื•ื–ื• ื‘ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ ื‘ืฉื ื™ื ื”ืื—ืจื•ื ื•ืช ืžืกื‘ื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืงื•ื 50). ืื™ื ื ื™ ื™ื•ื“ืข ืžื”ืŸ ื ืกื™ื‘ื•ืช ืžืขื‘ืจื• ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ืœื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ืžืงืจื“ื•ื–ื•, ืื•ืœื ื‘ืขื™ื™ื ื™ ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืœื™ื— ืœืงื‘ืœ ืขื‘ื•ื“ื” ื‘ืื•ืชื” ืขื™ืจ ื“ื•ื•ืงื ืžืขื™ื“ื” ืขืœ ื”ื”ืขืจื›ื” ืขืœื™ื• ื‘ื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ื•ืœื, ืื ื™ ืžื ื™ื—, ืขืœ ื”ื™ืขื“ืจื” ื‘ืงืจื“ื•ื–ื• ื”ืฉืจื•ื™ื” ื‘ืžืฉื‘ืจ. ืžื” ื’ื ืฉืžืขื‘ืจื™ื ื‘ืชื•ืš ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ื ื“ื‘ืจ ืฉื›ื™ื—, ืœื ื‘ืœืชื™ ืกื‘ื™ืจ ืฉื‘ืจื•ืงืœื™ืŸ ื”ืฆื™ืขื• ืœืฉื˜ื™ืŸ ื”ืฆืขื” ื ื“ื™ื‘ื”, ื•ื”ื•ื ื‘ื—ืจ ืœืงื‘ืœื”.


ืฉืœื™ืฉื™ืช, ื™ื“ื•ืข ืœื›ืœ ืžื™ ืฉืžื›ื™ืจ ืืช ื”ืงื”ื™ืœื™ื™ื” ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื‘ืืจื”ืดื‘ ืฉืจืžืชื ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ืช ื”ืžืžื•ืฆืขืช ืฉืœ ื—ื‘ืจื™ ื”ืกื’ืœ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช ืฉื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ื’ื‘ื•ื”ื” ืžืืฉืจ ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ื•ื”ืืžืฆืขื™ื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ื”ื ื”ื ืžืœืžื“ื™ื. ื–ื” ื ื•ื‘ืข ืžืขืฆื ื”ืขื•ื‘ื“ื” ืฉืื ืฉื™ื ืจื‘ื™ื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ืชื’ื•ืจืจ ื•/ืื• ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžืงื•ืžื•ืช ืจื‘ื™ื ืื—ืจื™ื ื‘ืืจื”ืดื‘. ื”ืื ืืชื ืœื ื”ื™ื™ืชื ืžืขื“ื™ืคื™ื ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ื‘ื ื™ื•-ื™ื•ืจืง โ€“ ื‘ื•ื•ื“ืื™ ื›ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื ื•ืžื”ื’ืจื™ื โ€“ ื•ืœืขื‘ื•ื“ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ืงื˜ืŸ ื™ื•ืชืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ืจื’ 80 ืžืืฉืจ ื‘ืžื•ืกื“ ื”ืžื“ื•ืจื’ 30 ื•ื ืžืฆื ื ื’ื™ื“ ื‘ื‘ืœื•ืžื™ื ื’ื˜ื•ืŸ ืื™ื ื“ื™ืื ื”?


ื›ืžื• ื›ืŸ, ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืจื’ 50-90 ื‘ืงืจื‘ ื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ืžื“ื•ืจื’ื™ื ื‘ืืจื”ืดื‘ ื–ื” ื“ื™ ื˜ื•ื‘. ืฆืจื™ืš ืœืชืช ืืช ื”ื“ืขืช ืœื’ื•ื“ืœื” ืฉืœ ื”ืืงื“ืžื™ื” ื”ืžืฉืคื˜ื™ืช ื”ืืžืจื™ืงืื™ืช. ื—ื™ืฉื‘ื• ืจื’ืข ืขืœ ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื‘ื” ื™ืฉ 13 ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ืžื‘ืœื™ ืœื”ื™ื›ื ืก ืขืžื•ืง ืžื“ื™ ืœื•ื•ืœื’ืจื™ื•ืช ืฉืœ ื“ื™ืจื•ื’ื™ื, ืžืงื•ื‘ืœ ืœื—ืฉื•ื‘ ืฉื‘ืชื™ ื”ืกืคืจ ื”ื˜ื•ื‘ื™ื ื‘ื™ื•ืชืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื ื‘ื™ืฉืจืืœ ื”ื ื—ืžื™ืฉื”: ื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช (ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื‘ืจ ืื™ืœืŸ, ื—ื™ืคื”, ื•ืชืœ ืื‘ื™ื‘) ื•ื”ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™. ื•ื™ืฉื ื ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ืื™ื›ื•ืชื™ื™ื ื ื•ืกืคื™ื. ื‘ืืจื”ืดื‘ ื™ืฉ ืžืื•ืช ื‘ืชื™ ืกืคืจ ืœืžืฉืคื˜ื™ื. ืจืง 200 ืžื”ื ืžื“ื•ืจื’ื™ื. ื›ืš ืฉืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืจื’ 50-90 ื‘ืืจื”ืดื‘ ืžืฉืžืขื• ืœื”ื™ื•ืช ืžื“ื•ืจื’ ื‘ืฉืœื™ืฉ ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืฃ ื‘ืจื‘ืข ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”ืดื‘. ื‘ืžื•ื ื—ื™ื ื™ืฉืจืืœื™ื, ื”ืžืงื‘ื™ืœื” ื”ื™ื ืœืœืžื“ ื‘ืžืจื›ื– ื”ื‘ื™ื ืชื—ื•ืžื™ ืื• ืืคื™ืœื• ื‘ืื—ืช ื•ืื•ืœื™ ืืคื™ืœื• ืฉืชื™ื™ื ืžื”ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ืื•ืช. ื”ืื ืžื™ืฉื”ื• ื”ื™ื” ื—ื•ืฉื‘ ื›ืืŸ ืœื”ืจื™ื ืืช ื”ืืฃ ืขืœ ืžื•ืขืžื“ ืžืื—ื“ ืžื”ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื”ืœืœื• ื›ืคื™ ืฉืขื•ืฉื” ืขื™ืชื•ืŸ ืณื”ืืจืฅืณ (ื‘ืžืจื•ืžื–) ืขืœ ืžื•ืกื“ื•ืช ื‘ืืจื”ืดื‘? ื”ื’ื ืฉืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ ื”ื™ื” ื‘ืขื‘ืจื• ืคืจื•ืคืกื•ืจ ื‘ืื•ื ื™ื‘ืจืกื™ื˜ื” ื”ืขื‘ืจื™ืช, ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ืžืžื ื• ื™ืฆืื• ืจื•ื‘ ืฉื•ืคื˜ื™ ื”ืขืœื™ื•ืŸ ืฉืœ ืžื“ื™ื ืช ื™ืฉืจืืœ ืœื“ื•ืจื•ืชื™ื•.


ื•ื‘ื›ืœืœ, ืžืžืชื™ ื‘ื•ื—ื ื™ื ืืช ืื™ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ืื™ืฉ ืžืงืฆื•ืข ื•ื•ืชื™ืง ืขืœ ื‘ืกื™ืก ื”ืฉื™ื•ืš ื”ืžื•ืกื“ื™ ืฉืœื• ื›ืืฉืจ ื™ืฉ ื‘ื ืžืฆื ืžืงื•ืจื•ืช ืžื”ื™ืžื ื™ื ื”ืจื‘ื” ื™ื•ืชืจ ืขืœ ืื™ื›ื•ืชื• ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืขืžื“ ื›ืื™ื ื“ื™ื‘ื™ื“ื•ืืœ? ื”ืงื•ื‘ืข ื”ื•ื ื”ืจืงื•ืจื“ ื•ื”ืžื•ื ื™ื˜ื™ืŸ ืฉืœ ืฉื˜ื™ื™ืŸ. ืœื ืฉืœ ื”ืžื•ืกื“ ื‘ื• ื”ื•ื ืžืœืžื“.

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